physical abilities are determined by energy factors, namely the availability of energy, are formed by biochemical, morphological and functional features that allow the individual to perform properly the motor. These skills are so connected with the structural requirements of the body, factors such as age, sex, weight, height and muscle mass and also to the functional and biochemical processes controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system. The rink is a fundamental component and essential for good performance. The conditional capability can be divided into strength, speed, endurance, joint mobility.
STRENGTH
is the capacity it has the muscle to develop tension, is the basic factor of performance in all sports, even in those duration, in which is expressed as relative strength or resistance. There are different expressions of power: force quick, explosive strength, elastic, resistant, maximum, special, special. This mix of forces is made necessary by the various requirements imposed by the biomechanical and bioenergetic model Prestatie. In a sport like figure skating, the ability of the force is a necessary ingredient: note, for example, that this is important in pushing for the detachment of a jump in the estate of the positions of the spins (especially high level) or even just in skating, keeping in mind that at the feet of There are a skater shoes that have a weight of 1.5 kg policy 's one. The force can be divided into:
- forces quickly: the ability to move and move the body segments as quickly as functional as possible, overcoming any resistance (present for example in 'execution of a sequence of steps).
- Spring force: ability to capitalize a portion of elastic energy during eccentric work, for use in the immediate aftermath of concentric as kinetic energy (for this example of skating, in combination jumps and spins).
- resisting force: the ability to withstand the protracted tension and stretching, and is differentiated in many sporting gestures (for example, in this' enforcement of spins where the position is held for several seconds).
- specific strength: the ability to express force in action sports with the highest result and the least energy expenditure. The strength of specific conditions with the proper gestures to save power (economic and functional gesture, ie fit for purpose).
- Special Forces variant of the specific force that is explained when you add to the technical act, or all the same, a relatively greater resistance, but the entity that would invalidate the biomechanical parameters and speed imposed by the model Prestatie.
- explosive force: is the ability to convey simultaneously the muscle unit involved in the execution of a movement that begin 's order of milliseconds; typical example is a cut above the ground in extension or in elevation (in this ex then a jump).
interact in the expression of explosive force, the following factors:
- The frequency of pulses from the higher nerve centers received the active muscles.
- The number of muscle fibers activated, type (fast, slow, intermediate), the size and the voltage produced by each fiber.
- The underlying conditions (freshness or fatigue) muscle fiber.
- The circuit activation-inhibition of cell renschaw el 'tendon action of the corpuscles (Golgi) and specific receptors.
SPEED
is the ability to make movements as quickly as possible. It is expressed in various forms and according to them should be planned development. For a speed skater, from skating, and speed in 'technical performance of certain acts is crucial to the success of the difficulties itself, is very important, for example, the closing speed of the upper and lower limbs in 'execution of a jump, or the same speed stance.
We can distinguish different forms of speed
Rapid Reaction: The ability to respond to a stimulus set or sudden, as soon as can .
Quick action: It is also linked to the ability of muscle contraction and biochemical structure of the neuromuscular system that determines the nerve conduction velocity of muscle fibers.
frequency of movements is determined by the union of simple rapid movements and complex actions, therefore differs from the fast action of a single movement.
speed plays an important role in the 'elastic energy, this is the return of energy, which is accumulated from the limb supporting the stance phase damping on impact, during thrust or detachment. In the early stages of negative work when the limb carrier is in contact with the ground and the center of mass is moved backward in relation to 'support, it results in an eccentric contraction, in which the muscle is in a state of elongation, while the actin-myosin bridges have already formed. The muscle responds by opposing a higher voltage. In the boost phase, the stored energy will be returned in the form of its elastic energy that comes from 'activation of the elastic elements of muscle mass.
The speed and frequency: the frequency of a cyclic gesture (eg, the sequence of the first three of a top or simply skate), there is no guarantee of good performance, keep account of 'range of motion to ensure a good speed of' motor act.
The speed of a movement is conditioned:
- the quality of myofibrils and their thickness: the white fibers are in fact more flexible and equipped with power;
- by 'efficiency analyzer and by the rate of transmission of 'nerve impulse;
- by the presence of units in the muscles of high-energy phosphates (ATP-CP);
- flexibility of segments of muscle and joint mobility involved in the movement (amplitude);
- the power of the push.
speed then committed predominantly pale fibers which have a faster response to stimuli and a stronger rate of contraction and relaxation with predominantly carbohydrate metabolism. Fast performance is closely linked to energy supplies to the muscle, the rapid breakdown of molecules caused by 'the speed of nerve impulse and resynthesis. The speed governs motor coordination which is the ability to control and integrate quickly and economically events foreshadowed the end of the second engine.
LA RESISTENZA
La resistenza è la capacità di tollerare l’affaticamento in esercizi fisici di vario tipo; è la base di ogni sport: chi trascura infatti questo aspetto non può mettere le basi per un evoluzione del suo rendimento ed il suo picco di forma dura per un periodo limitato, non raggiungendo punte elevate in rapporto alle potenzialità.
Infatti è stato dimostrato che lo sviluppo delle altre capacità è possibile solo con un adeguato sviluppo della resistenza. Il pattinaggio è una disciplina aerobica lattacida, in quanto a high performance race lasts an average of four minutes and was held to a very high intensity In basic training, therefore, the overall strength is essential both because it gives the possibility to tolerate higher work commitments or because a positive effect on resilience. It is a capacity divided in various ways:
general resistance: depends on the cardiovascular system, appears to be important for maximizing the resilience, the ability to increase physical performance, decreased errori tecnici, diminuzione degli infortuni;
resistenza specifica: è strettamente relativa allo sport praticato e causa: condizionamento specifico della muscolatura, ottima capacità di sopportazione di alti ritmi nel tempo di gara, miglior dinamismo;
resistenza aerobica: è caratterizzata dalla disponibilità a resistere nel tempo ad uno sforzo di media o alta intensità senza anticipare sintomi di affaticamento. Con il suo lavoro va a colpire il metabolismo dei grassi provocando combustione prevalente di acidi grassi nelle fibre muscolari lente e quindi un notevole aumento del catabolismo aerobico degli acidi grassi.
Con questo tipo di resistenza si migliora:
- Il processo ricostituivo dei fosfati ricchi di energia (ATP-ADP ecc) di cui l’organismo ha bisogno
- l’eliminazione nel muscolo delle sostanze provocanti l’affaticamento (lattato, ammoniaca, ecc.)
- la capacità di non impiegare nel rifornimento energetico i carboidrati, fondamentali per il gioco-sport.
resistenza anaerobica: is a kind of resistance to specific situational sport that involves the sole use of glycogen stores in the body. This allows us to develop resistance to the speed question, by emptying stores glycogen, a very marked overcompensation. It can be further divided into two types:
- anaerobic endurance alactacid : is a type of resistance develops very intensively in a short time, up to a maximum of 6-7 ". This brevity is not therefore involves the presence of lactate than the average.
- resistenza anaerobica lattacida : è un tipo di resistenza che si sviluppa in tempi di lavoro più lunghi tra i 40” e 1’, ma sempre ad alta intensità. Questa sua caratteristica comporta quindi la presenza di lattato superiore alla media.
LA MOBILITà ARTICOLARE
La flessibilità è l’insieme delle qualità morfo-funzionali che garantiscono l’ ampiezza dei movimenti, cosa indispensabile per un pattinatore non solo da un punto di vista tecnico ma anche da un punto di vista estetico-stilistico; è importante infatti avere delle “buone linee”, per dare un idea di eleganza e continuità ai movimenti. Una mobilità soddisfacente delle articolazioni è una delle prerogative indispensabili per il perfezionamento tecnico, una insufficiente flessibilità limita la manifestazione nella qualità di forza, di velocità, e di coordinazione, altera le coordinazioni intra ed intermuscolari e deteriora il rendimento del lavoro. Tutto questo complica o rallenta l’ acquisizione delle abitudini motorie e può essere causa di lesioni muscolari o legamentose. This flexibility distinguishes active and a passive
active flexibility: it 's ability to carry out large-scale movements in the' action of the muscles that control a 'joint.
passive flexibility: it 's ability to mobilize one or more joints, following an angle very open, under the action of an external force active flexibility is exercised during the active movement and its influence on quality motor is greater than the passive that almost does not intervene except as a reserve for the development of active flexibility. Both flexibility are independent of each other. The limitation of joint mobility is the mobility anatomical rule, which is too 'it to the structure of' articulation.
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